Our data highlight the urgent need to minimize the risk of infection for animals and humans by setting up a surveillance programme and preventive strategies in a One Health approach to wildlife species. Wild boars may act as an interface role between wildlife, livestock and humans. The high prevalence of infection in masseters highlights the potential risk for public health, considering that this muscle is commonly used to prepare raw meat products ('guanciale' and sausages), which may be a source of T. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed the presence of three distinct clusters, with the majority of atypical genotypes in the GII-GIII cluster. Most of the genotypes found were thus atypical and may be virulent in humans.
![emilia pikka emilia pikka](http://barnedi.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/3/9/2839616/7851489_orig.jpg)
gondii genotypes (nine atypical, one belonging to type II one to type III). Microsatellite (MS) analysis of 11 samples revealed eleven T.
![emilia pikka emilia pikka](https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-speFHvAnj1s/Wi2XsQ8jLOI/AAAAAAAAPVQ/BK8sAj2PFzwjy-T5_3i2fZ9BzvHX9G1xQCLcBGAs/s1600/CBG-Emilia-Pikkarainen.jpg)
The prevalence was 47.1%, 39.3% and 39.2% in piglets, yearlings and adults, respectively (χ2 = 0.41 p =. No significant statistical difference between genders was found (χ2 = 0.15 p =. Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 134 out of 338 boars (39.6%). The boars were inspected during the hunting season within the regional project 'Wild Boar Emergency Plan in Campania', and molecular analyses were performed on 338 boars analysing a total number of 884 matrices (263 brains, 310 hearts and 311 masseter muscles). gondii in wild boars of southern Italy and thus to assess the risk of infection for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and genotypes of T. Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite (phylum Apicomplexa), which causes a zoonotic parasitic disease, known as toxoplasmosis. However, detection methods, starting from the sampling procedure, should be further developed and standardized in order to improve the collection of accurate and up-to-date epidemiological data. Human behaviour and the lack of knowledge regarding meat borne parasitic zoonoses and the health risks they pose seem to be the most important factors responsible for human infections. To pursue an effective management of these parasitic zoonoses, awareness raising should involve all figures in the supply chain, including hunters, restaurateurs and consumers. The presented data point out the main issues, and knowledge gaps as well as the potential for improved control in order to contribute to the risk analysis process. This review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, public health aspects and risk management along the supply chain, including parasite detection at slaughtering and inactivation in meat, of three selected foodborne parasitic hazards (Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp.) in the main mammalian game meat species in the EU: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), moose (Alces alces), hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In addition to interesting nutritional properties and market opportunities, game meat is characterized by some specific public health issues. Game meat is increasingly appreciated and consumed in Europe, also due to the growing population of wild ungulates. Although this genotype is predominant in human toxoplasmosis, these results suggest that the chamois is a minor source of human infection. The SAG2 type II genotype was detected in this species for the first time. This prevalence suggests that the environment of the chamois is less contaminated with oocysts than environments close to human settlements. Horizontal transmission seems to be the main route of infection, and cats are the only definitive host in the study area. These findings demonstrate the sporadic presence of the protozoan in this species on consistent diagnostic tests. gondii was low on both serological (3.2 %) and molecular (2 %) analyses, and infections were concentrated in individuals >1 year old.
![emilia pikka emilia pikka](https://cdn0.matrimonio.com/emp/fotos/5/2/6/0/Immagine%20402.jpg)
gondii with serological and molecular analyses, and (2) to genotype the strains with a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the SAG2 locus. Ninety-three sera and 50 brain tissues from chamois were sampled (1) to investigate the spread of T. gondii and the distribution of its genotypes in these species, including the alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. Despite intense hunting activity and the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, little information is available on the spread of T. gondii, wild ungulates may be a source of human infection. gondii, whose different genotypes differ in pathogenicity. This complexity is reflected in the molecular structure of T. The complex life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii involves many animal species, raising zoonotic, economic, and conservation issues.